薄井 佳子

【目的】当科では小児急性虫垂炎に対し，保存的治療を第一選択としている．今回，我々の治療経験から小児急性虫垂炎に対する保存的治療の適応および限界について検討した．<br>【方法】2012 年1 月から2014 年8 月までに急性虫垂炎の診断で入院し抗菌薬を用いた保存的治療を行った53 症例を対象とし，保存的治療奏効群と保存的治療抵抗群に分けて比較検討した．<br>【結果】53 例中，奏効群は36 例，抵抗群は17 例．入院時体温は奏効群が37.4±0.7°C，抵抗群が38.2±0.8°C で抵抗群において高かった（p＝0.01）．入院時血液検査所見では，CRP が奏効群1.4±1.7 mg/dl，抵抗群9.7±7.0 mg/dl と，抵抗群で高値であった（p＜0.01）．画像所見では，虫垂最大径が奏効群8.4±2.7 mm，抵抗群11.3±2.5 mm と抵抗群で有意に腫大していた（p＜0.01）．糞石は奏効群の16.7％（6/36 例），抵抗群の76.5％（13/17 例）に認めていた（p＜0.01）．治療開始後24 から48 時間での白血球数は奏効群6,988.9±2,884.8/μl，抵抗群11,741.2±3,845/μl と，抵抗群で高値であった（p＜0.01）．再発率は奏効群8.3％に対し，抵抗群では36.4％と高率であった（p＝0.042）．治療開始から48 時間での2 群のカットオフ値は，白血球数9,650.0/μl，CRP 値が6.67 mg/dl と推定された．<br>【結論】治療後48 時間において白血球数が9,650.0/μl またはCRP 値が6.67 mg/dl を超える症例では早期の外科治療を検討すべきである．

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the use of a transumbilical incision for infants and children, as well as neonates, with various intraabdominal conditions. Methods: A retrospective study of transumbilical incision surgery was performed between June 2007 and June 2013. Patients were divided into two groups: group 1 of neonates and group 2 of infants and children. All operations were performed via an upper circumumbilical incision. Results: Thirty-six patients (22 males, 14 females) were treated via a transumbilical incision, with 20 patients in group 1 and 16 patients in group 2. A transverse incision extension was needed for 1 case in group 1 (intestinal atresia complicated by meconium peritonitis) and 4 cases in group 2 (two with ileus owing to adhesive bands, 1 with malrotation, 1 with ectopic pancreatic tissue in the duodenum). In cases with a dilated intestinal wall or intraabdominal adhesions, an optional extension of the transverse incision might be required. Only 1 case with ileus in group 2 developed a wound infection that was treated by drainage. The postoperative cosmetic results were acceptable in all cases. Conclusion: The transumbilical incision yielded a sufficiently large surgical field, and the surgical condition was easily and directly viewed. In all 36 cases, an adequate operation was safely performed. This approach is a safe and effective method for various intraabdominal disorders in not only neonates but also infants and children, and leads to an imperceptible incision. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Neonates with congenital tracheal stenosis (CTS) sometimes develop respiratory distress and may be difficult to intubate. We used balloon tracheoplasty with a rigid bronchoscope for emergency airway management in neonates with symptomatic CTS. Herein, we describe the balloon tracheoplasty procedure and the early outcomes following its use as the initial treatment of neonatal symptomatic CTS. We performed a retrospective analysis of five neonates with CTS who were initially treated with balloon tracheoplasty at our institution from January 2010 to December 2013. Five patients with a mean birthweight of 2,117 g were treated during the study period. Of these, four developed respiratory distress after birth, and all patients had difficult intubations. In all five patients, definitive diagnosis of CTS was made by rigid bronchoscopy and 3-dimensional reconstruction scan. A total of nine balloon dilatations were performed in five patients. Following balloon tracheoplasty, two patients were extubated, one was extubated after resection and end-to-end anastomosis following initial balloon dilatation, and one remained hospitalized with tracheostomy for tracheomalacia. The remaining patient died from tracheal bleeding associated with congenital heart disease. Although our sample size was small, balloon tracheoplasty is a potentially effective initial treatment for selected cases with neonatal symptomatic CTS.

Nonoperative management is acceptable treatment for minor pancreatic injuries. However, management of major pancreatic duct injury in children remains controversial. We present our experience in treating isolated pancreatic duct injury. We describe the cases of three male patients treated for complete pancreatic duct disruption in the past 5 years at our institution. We performed pancreatic duct repair to avoid distal pancreatectomy and to maintain normal pancreatic function. All patients underwent enhanced computed tomography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the early period. The injuries were classified as grade III according to the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma classification. In two cases, we performed end-to-end anastomosis of the pancreatic duct during the delayed period. In the third case, we placed a stent across the disruption to the distal pancreatic duct. The patients' postoperative courses were uneventful, and the average hospitalization was 25.6 days after the procedure. At a median follow-up of 36 months (range 14-54 months), all patients remain asymptomatic, with normal pancreatic function, but with persistent distal pancreatic duct dilatation. We suggest that distal pancreatectomy should not be routinely performed in patients with isolated pancreatic duct injury.